A model of crosslinking between different components of the cell wall

The secondary cell wall is the result of secondary thickening. The secondary cell wall is predominantly in the transport and solidification tissues (pages 68 and 64), where it is able to provide
the strength of the tissue without the turgor alone. In parenchymal cells (page 56), elongation at the end of the primary cell wall stops. In contrast, in other cells, such as developing tracheids and fiber tubes, the cell wall is further thickened after the end of the elongation, and additional layers of cellulose and lignin are deposited on the existing ones to form the secondary cell wall. The presence of a secondary cell wall, which is generally 5 to 10 nm thick, causes the total cell wall to be significantly less flexible (so it is obvious why elongation stops at the same time as secondary cell wall formation). In many cases, secondary cell wall thickening fills the cell volume to cause destruction or disintegration of the protoplast. The formation of lumen (cavity) is a structural feature of fiber tubes and xylem tracheids. The secondary cell wall is layered, but the layers are not always continuous. Lignin is the most common compound of secondary cell walls with a more structured structure at primary cell walls, which is the second most common compound after cellulose in the whole plant. Its significance lies mainly in increasing the structural strength. Lignin occurs in the cell wall in hemicellulose, and in other cellular constituents in cellulose. Yet, in many plants, pure cellulose forms cell wall layers (Figure I.6). A good example of this is cotton fiber (which is a botanical seed coat), in which more than 90% of the dry weight of the cell wall is pure cellulose. Many plant cell walls are coated with cutaneous or suberine waxed so as to protect the cell from excessive water loss. In this respect, the cuticle cuticle and the stem surface should be raised.

Cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall: Cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall are made up of crystal lattices consisting of β-1,4-glucan chains, interconnected by hydrogen bonds between molecules
In some cells, a tertiary cell wall may also be formed, which gives the cells a rough, rough surface. Cellular walls (such as tracheids) formed by tertiary thickening are not dominated by cellulose.

Laboratory experiments have found that xyloglucan is not covalent, but forms hydrogen bonds with micelles. This is of great importance in cell growth following cell wall deformation. Cell wall deformation is due to the cross-linking of xyloglucan to micelles. In the secondary cell wall, 3 layers can be distinguished, and each microfibrillar structure is different. For example, in the wall of the tracheids of the banana, the middle plate, the thin primary wall and the layers of the 3-layer secondary wall and the lignified parts can be recognized.

Synthesis of the Cell Wall: For the cell wall to build up, it is essential that the cytoplasmic creators get to the part where the future cell wall is formed through the plasma bar. Matrix cell creators are able to penetrate the plasma plane. Cell wall proteins synthesized by coarse endoplasmic reticulum and cell wall polysaccharides, hemicelluloses, and pectin-containing components produced by the Golgi apparatus are introduced by secretory vesicles. They are cleaved from the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum with the plasma mammal so that their contents are then transported to the outside of the cell wall.

In later stages of cell wall formation, cellulosic microfibrils are arranged in parallel. Cellular organs (cellular organs) are located approximately parallel to the microfibrils of the cell wall near the cytoplasmic cell wall interface. This suggests that the microtubules directly influence the cellular arrangement of the cellulosic microfibrils.

Plasmodosomes are cytoplasmic threads between cells that provide the plasmatic linkage of plant cells, i.e. the sympathetic nature of the plant body. These cytoplasmic yarns that pass through cell walls are also the actual transport routes of water and other compounds (hormones, metabolites, signal molecules, proteins, nucleic acids). Plasmodosomes are thus the formulas that cross the cell walls, the cell walls of which are called cell walls. known as soft parts or primary cisterns. In the primary cell wall, the opposite cysts of adjacent cells, as cistern pairs, form the cisterna membrane together with the intermediate plate between them (Figure I.7). In the nuclei of adjacent cells, the functional relationship is also achieved through cytoplasmic threads extending across plasmodosomes. Thus, we can say that plasmodosomes are a supracellular rule between cells and cells in plants